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Interoperability in the Supply Chain: Leveraging the OSI Model for Seamless Logistics

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Interoperability In The Supply Chain: Leveraging The Osi Model For Seamless Logistics

In the rapidly evolving world of global supply chains, interoperability—the ability of systems, devices, and organizations to work together seamlessly—has become a critical factor for operational efficiency. By applying the ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) seven layer model, traditionally used in networking, to logistics, businesses can achieve a structured framework that enhances communication, reduces friction, and improves collaboration throughout the supply chain.

Let’s examine how the OSI model can provide a plan for supply chain interoperability, breaking down logistics processes into manageable layers to ensure seamless integration and operational success.

Understanding the OSI Model in Networking

The ISO OSI model is a seven-layer abstraction that standardizes each interconnect of a networking system. Each layer serves a particular unique function and interfaces with the layers both above and below it. These seven layers are:

1. Physical Layer: Transmits data over a physical connection.
2. Data Link Layer: Handles data transfer between connected nodes.
3. Network Layer: Manages data routing.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures dependable data transfer.
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Translates between data formats.
7. Application Layer: Interfacing with end-user applications.

While designed for computer networks, this layered model can be adapted to supply chain systems to streamline communication and ensure compatibility across diverse technologies.

Applying the OSI Model to Supply Chain Interoperability

Mapping the OSI model to supply chain logistics offers a structured approach to identifying and addressing barriers to seamless integration. Here’s how each layer translates to the supply chain context:

1. Physical Layer: Material Flow

At the foundation of any supply chain is the physical movement of goods. This layer includes trucks, ships, warehouses, and other physical assets. Interoperability at this level involves ensuring that all hardware and equipment, such as conveyors or automated guided vehicles (AGVs), can communicate through standardized interfaces.

• Key Consideration: IoT sensors on shipping containers or pallets enable real-time tracking, ensuring visibility and coordination.

2. Data Link Layer: Local Communication

This layer focuses on the direct communication between devices within a localized environment, such as a warehouse or a port. Technologies like RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and Bluetooth facilitate data exchange between devices.

• Key Consideration: Ensuring compatibility between devices and systems, such as ensuring RFID tags can be read by various scanners across facilities.

3. Network Layer: Routing Across the Supply Chain

In supply chains, this layer corresponds to the routing of goods and information across different nodes in the network. Logistics systems must ensure that information about shipments flows correctly between suppliers, distributors, and retailers.

• Key Consideration: Use of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and APIs to transmit order and shipment data across stakeholders.

4. Transport Layer: Reliable Delivery

The transport layer ensures that goods and information are delivered reliably, similar to how data packets are delivered in networking. In logistics, this means ensuring the integrity of shipments and the accuracy of delivery information.

• Key Consideration: Implementing blockchain technology for traceability and ensuring tamper-proof delivery records.

5. Session Layer: Coordination Between Systems

This layer facilitates the coordination between different applications or systems in the supply chain. For example, coordinating inventory management systems with demand forecasting tools.

• Key Consideration: Synchronizing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems with warehouse management systems (WMS) and transportation management systems (TMS).

6. Presentation Layer: Data Standardization

In the supply chain, the presentation layer focuses on data translation and standardization. Different entities in the supply chain often use different data formats, which can lead to compatibility issues.

• Key Consideration: Utilizing standardized data formats like EDIFACT or JSON to ensure data consistency across systems.

7. Application Layer: End-User Access

The application layer corresponds to the user-facing systems in the supply chain, such as customer portals, supplier dashboards, and analytics tools. These interfaces must provide stakeholders with actionable insights and seamless access to critical data.

• Key Consideration: Implementing user-friendly applications and dashboards that integrate real-time data from multiple systems.

Benefits of Using the OSI Model for Supply Chain Interoperability

Applying the OSI model framework to logistics offers several advantages:

1. Layered Approach to Problem-Solving: Breaks down complex interoperability challenges into manageable layers, making it easier to identify and resolve issues.
2. Standardization: Encourages the use of standardized protocols and formats, reducing miscommunication and inefficiencies.
3. Improved Collaboration: Enhances coordination between diverse stakeholders, from suppliers and manufacturers to distributors and retailers.
4. Scalability: Provides a scalable structure that can adapt as supply chains grow and incorporate innovative technologies.

Real-World Examples of OSI-Inspired Supply Chain Interoperability

1. Amazon’s Robotics and IoT Integration

Amazon employs thousands of robots in its warehouses, which communicate using IoT devices. These devices operate on standardized protocols, ensuring that robots from different manufacturers work seamlessly together to optimize picking and packing processes.

2. Walmart’s Blockchain for Food Traceability

Walmart leverages blockchain technology to enhance food traceability. This corresponds to the transport and network layers, ensuring reliable and secure data transfer across all stakeholders in the supply chain.

3. Maersk and IBM’s TradeLens

TradeLens, a blockchain-based platform developed by Maersk and IBM, standardizes data formats and provides a unified dashboard for global shipping. This aligns with the session and application layers, enabling better coordination between shipping lines, ports, and customs authorities.

Conclusion

Interoperability is no longer optional in the modern supply chain. By adopting the OSI model as a framework, organizations can create a systematic approach to addressing compatibility issues, standardizing processes, and ensuring seamless communication across their logistics networks. This layered strategy not only enhances efficiency but also future-proofs supply chains against the complexities of a rapidly digitizing world.
As businesses continue to embrace technologies like IoT, blockchain, and AI, leveraging the OSI model for supply chain interoperability could be the key to unlocking new levels of operational excellence.

The post Interoperability in the Supply Chain: Leveraging the OSI Model for Seamless Logistics appeared first on Logistics Viewpoints.

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What a Return to the Red Sea Could Mean for the Container Market

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What a Return to the Red Sea Could Mean for the Container Market

November 26, 2025

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As the fragile but still-in-place Israel-Hamas ceasefire nears the two-month mark, and with the Houthis declaring an end to attacks on passing vessels, there is more and more anticipation that the long-awaited return of container traffic to the Red Sea may be coming soon.

Though Maersk maintains it has not set a date, the Suez Canal Authority stated that Maersk will resume transits in early December. ZIM’s CEO recently stated that a return in the near future is increasingly likely, and CMA CGM is reportedly preparing for a full return in December.

Operational Impact

The shift of most of the 30% of global container volumes that normally transit the Suez Canal away from the Red Sea and around the Cape of Good Hope almost exactly two years ago added seven to ten days and thousands of nautical miles to Asia – Europe journeys and to some Asia – N. America sailings as well.

The return of container traffic to the shorter Suez route will result in the sudden early arrival of these ships, which will mean significant vessel bunching and congestion at already persistently congested European hubs. This congestion will cause delays and absorb capacity which could push container rates up on the affected lanes, and possibly beyond.

The shift back through the Suez Canal may initially keep some of the typically lower volume ports in Europe that have become transhipment centers during the Red Sea crisis, like Barcelona, busy while carriers may omit port calls at some of the congested major hubs. But after the unwind, these ports, as well as African ports that have been used as refuelling stops during the last two years, will see port calls decline.

Carriers have plans for a gradual phase in of the transition back to the Red Sea, with smaller vessels starting to transit first. This approach would still cause vessel bunching, but would be aimed at minimizing the impact of the reset as much as possible.

But some carriers are skeptical that an orderly phase-in will happen, as they expect pressure from customers who will want a return to the shorter route as quickly as possible. Analysis from Sea Intelligence suggests that the more gradual the transition, the less disruptive it will be, while the faster the return the more disruptive it will be during the up to two months it will take for schedules to return to normal.

Ocean expert Lars Jensen also notes that a return during the lead up to Lunar New Year would coincide with an increase in demand, and would put more pressure on ports and rates than if the transition takes place post-LNY when demand is typically weak. With carriers signalling the shift will begin in December and pre-LNY demand probably picking up in mid-January next year, it seems likely the two will coincide.

Implications for Capacity – and Rates

Red Sea diversions were estimated to have absorbed about 9% of global container capacity by keeping ships at sea for longer and – with longer journeys meaning vessels would arrive back at origins days behind schedule – via carriers adding extra vessels to services in order to maintain planned weekly departures.

This drain on capacity caused Asia – Europe rates to more than triple and transpacific rates to more than double in the two months from the time the diversions began to just before Lunar New Year of 2024. And though rates moved up and down along with seasonal changes in demand, the capacity drain pushed East-West rates up to 2024 highs of $8,000 – $10,000/FEU and set a highly elevated floor of $3,000 – $5,000/FEU during low demand periods that year.

But even with Red Sea diversions continuing to absorb capacity in 2025, continued fleet growth through newly built vessels entering the market has meant that the container trade has already become significantly oversupplied.

As such, rates on these lanes – even before the capacity absorbed by diversions has re-entered the market – have consistently been significantly lower than in 2024 even during months when volumes have been stronger, with prices on some lanes reaching 2023 levels for a span in early October. Recent carrier struggles maintaining transpacific GRIs point to this challenge already.

Even with Red Sea diversions continuing and even during months in 2025 with stronger year on year volumes, capacity growth has meant rates in 2025 have been lower than in 2024.

Yes, the initial congestion and delays caused by the transition back to the Suez Canal will at first put upward pressure on rates for Asia-Europe containers and probably to a lesser degree on the transatlantic lanes as well. If the congestion ties up enough capacity or impacts operations at Far East origins, the rate impact could spread to the transpacific as well. As noted above, if the return coincides with the lead-up to LNY, it will have a stronger impact on rates as there will be pressure from the demand side as well.

But once the congestion unwinds and container flows and schedules stabilize the shift will ultimately release more than two million TEU of container capacity back into the market. This surge will put even more downward pressure on rates and increase the challenge of effectively managing capacity for carriers seeking to keep vessels full and rates profitable in 2026.

Judah Levine

Head of Research, Freightos Group

Judah is an experienced market research manager, using data-driven analytics to deliver market-based insights. Judah produces the Freightos Group’s FBX Weekly Freight Update and other research on what’s happening in the industry from shipper behaviors to the latest in logistics technology and digitization.

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The post What a Return to the Red Sea Could Mean for the Container Market appeared first on Freightos.

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Transpac ocean rates fizzle; Red Sea return coming soon? – November 25, 2025 Update

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Transpac ocean rates fizzle; Red Sea return coming soon? – November 25, 2025 Update

Discover Freightos Enterprise

November 25, 2025

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Weekly highlights

Ocean rates – Freightos Baltic Index

Asia-US West Coast prices (FBX01 Weekly) decreased 32% to $1,903/FEU.

Asia-US East Coast prices (FBX03 Weekly) decreased 8% to $3,443/FEU.

Asia-N. Europe prices (FBX11 Weekly) decreased 1% to $2,457/FEU.

Asia-Mediterranean prices (FBX13 Weekly) increased 6% to $2,998/FEU.

Air rates – Freightos Air index

China – N. America weekly prices decreased 2% to $6.50/kg.

China – N. Europe weekly prices decreased 1% to $3.97/kg.

N. Europe – N. America weekly prices increased 1% to $2.33/kg.

Analysis

Despite higher tariffs since early this year, US retail sales have proved resilient and are expected to grow through the holiday season. The solidifying tariff landscape is nonetheless facing destabilizing forces like recent China-Japan tensions, and the US Supreme Court’s pending decision on the legality of Trump’s IEEPA-based tariffs.

But the White House is signalling it is already taking steps to ensure that a SCOTUS loss will not open a low tariff window. So, if consumer spending remains strong, and the status quo of the trade war holds up, the US could enter a restocking cycle in 2026 as frontloaded inventories wind down. This restocking could mean stronger freight demand than some have anticipated for next year.

On the freight supply side though, there is more and more discussion of container traffic’s coming return to the Red Sea as the fragile Israel-Hamas ceasefire remains in effect. And while most carriers are not offering a timeline, ZIM’s CEO recently stated that a return in the near future is increasingly likely.

The shift of most of the 30% of global container volumes that normally transit the Suez Canal away from the Red Sea and around the Cape of Good Hope almost exactly two years ago added seven to ten days and thousands of miles to Asia – Europe journeys and to some Asia – N. America sailings as well.

The return of container traffic to the shorter Suez route will result in the sudden early arrival of these ships, which will mean significant vessel bunching and congestion at already persistently congested European hubs. This congestion will cause delays and absorb capacity which could push container rates up on the affected lanes, and possibly beyond.

Carriers have plans for a gradual phase in of the transition back to the Red Sea, with smaller vessels starting to transit first. This approach would still cause vessel bunching, but would be aimed at minimizing the impact of the reset as much as possible.

But some carriers are skeptical that an orderly phase-in will happen, as they expect pressure from customers who will want a return to the shorter route as quickly as possible. Analysis from Sea Intelligence suggests that the more gradual the transition, the less disruptive it will be, while the faster it is the more disruptive it will be, and the more pressure it will put on freight rates during the up to two months it will take for schedules to return to normal.

Ocean expert Lars Jensen also notes that a return during the lead up to Lunar New Year would coincide with an increase in demand, and would put more pressure on ports and rates than if the transition takes place post-LNY when demand is typically weak.

The capacity absorbed through Red Sea diversions pushed East-West rates up to highs of $8,000 – $10,000/FEU in 2024 and set a highly elevated floor of $3,000 – $5,000/FEU during low demand periods that year. But even with Red Sea diversions still in place this year, rates on these lanes have consistently been significantly lower than last year, with prices on some lanes reaching 2023 levels for a span in early October.

The transition back to the Suez Canal – be it more or less chaotic – will ultimately release more than two million TEU of container capacity back into the market. This surge will put even more downward pressure on rates and increase the challenge of effectively managing capacity for carriers seeking to keep vessels full and rates profitable.

The current overcapacity on the East-West lanes is the main reason that carriers’ November transpacific GRIs which had pushed West Coast rates up by $1,000/FEU this month to about $3,000/FEU have now fizzled.

Asia – N. America West Coast prices fell 32% last week to $1,900/FEU with daily rates this week down another $100 so far, but prices remain above the $1,400/FEU low for the year hit in early October. Last week’s vessel fire at the Port of LA does not seem to have had an impact on prices as operations have quickly recovered. Rates to the East Coast fell 8% to $3,400/FEU last week but are at $3,000/FEU so far this week, about even with levels in early October before these set of GRI introductions.

Meanwhile, October and November’s GRIs on Asia-Europe lanes have stuck, with rates to Europe and the Mediterranean both 40% higher than in early October at $2,500/FEU and $3,000/FEU respectively. These rate gains may be surviving on aggressive blanked sailings on these lanes.

Carriers are planning additional GRIs for December aiming for the $3k-$4k/FEU level as they continue to reduce capacity – with an announced labor strike in Belgium likely to help absorb some supply – but there are signs that these increases may not take.

In air cargo, peak season demand is driving rates up and should keep doing so for the next couple weeks. Freightos Air Index data show ex-China rates remaining strong at about $6.50/kg to N. America and $4.00/kg to Europe last week. Demand out of S. East Asia has grown significantly during this year’s trade war, with rates also elevated on these lanes at $5.40/kg to the US and $3.50/kg to Europe.

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Rate, Book, & Manage: Real-time rate comparison, instant booking, and easy tracking at every shipment stage.

Judah Levine

Head of Research, Freightos Group

Judah is an experienced market research manager, using data-driven analytics to deliver market-based insights. Judah produces the Freightos Group’s FBX Weekly Freight Update and other research on what’s happening in the industry from shipper behaviors to the latest in logistics technology and digitization.

Put the Data in Data-Backed Decision Making

Freightos Terminal helps tens of thousands of freight pros stay informed across all their ports and lanes

The post Transpac ocean rates fizzle; Red Sea return coming soon? – November 25, 2025 Update appeared first on Freightos.

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How AI Is Driving the Future of Industrial Operations and the Supply Chain

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How Ai Is Driving The Future Of Industrial Operations And The Supply Chain

ARC Industry Leadership Forum • Orlando, Florida
February 9–12, 2026 • Renaissance Orlando at SeaWorld

Artificial intelligence is reshaping how industrial organizations run their operations and supply chains. The shift is real. The early experiments are gone. Today, companies are redesigning their planning, logistics, reliability, sourcing, and production workflows around systems that can think, react, and coordinate.

At ARC Advisory Group, we’re seeing this change accelerate every quarter. AI is moving from a standalone project to the connective tissue between operational systems. It’s improving how energy is consumed, how materials flow, how assets behave, and how teams respond to uncertainty.

This February, leaders from across the world will gather in Orlando to break down where AI is creating value and what comes next.

Event Details
Renaissance Orlando at SeaWorld
6677 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821
February 9–12, 2026
Event link: https://www.arcweb.com/events/arc-industry-leadership-forum-orlando

More than 200 colleagues are already registered, including Conrad Hanf and a broad mix of executives, operations leaders, and technologists.

Why AI Matters Right Now

AI gives industrial organizations three capabilities they’ve never had before.

Real-time awareness.
Factories, yards, pipelines, fleets, and distribution nodes are producing enormous amounts of data. AI helps cut through that noise. It identifies what matters, when it matters, and why. The result is faster decisions and fewer surprises.

Coordination across functions.
Production affects logistics. Maintenance affects throughput. Sourcing affects lead time. AI lets these domains share context and act together instead of waiting for a meeting or a spreadsheet adjustment. Decisions that once took a day now happen instantly.

Pattern recognition at scale.
AI sees the earliest signals of asset degradation, demand shifts, port delays, or supply risk. It doesn’t wait for a problem to become a crisis. It alerts teams early and recommends actions with enough lead time to matter.

What Leaders Are Focusing On

Across our research and briefings, the same themes keep rising to the surface.

AI-driven maintenance and reliability.
Predictive models are becoming the default. They diagnose root causes, calculate the impact of failure, and help schedule work when it makes operational sense.

Modern planning and scheduling.
Forecasts now incorporate external signals, real-time plant conditions, and multi-site interactions. Planners are starting to work with continuously updated recommendations instead of static plans.

Autonomous supply chain operations.
AI agents are beginning to negotiate with carriers, re-route shipments, rebalance inventory, and adjust sourcing strategies. This isn’t sci-fi. It’s quietly happening in live networks.

Graph intelligence.
Industrial networks are connected by thousands of relationships. Knowledge-graph models help organizations understand those connections and trace how one event cascades across an entire operation.

Data discipline.
AI’s performance depends on clean, harmonized data across ERP, MES, historians, WMS, TMS, and supplier systems. Many companies are now tackling this foundational work head-on.

Human and AI collaboration.
The most successful organizations aren’t automating people out. They’re giving operators, planners, and engineers AI tools that amplify experience and judgment.

Why Attend the ARC Industry Leadership Forum

The Forum is where these shifts come together. Attendees will see:

• Real-world case studies from global manufacturers, logistics leaders, and utilities
• Demonstrations of AI-enabled control towers and reliability platforms
• Deep-dive sessions on agent-based systems, context management, RAG assistants, and graph reasoning
• Roundtable conversations with peers facing the same operational pressures
• Practical discussions on governance, cybersecurity, workforce roles, and measurable ROI

This event is built for leaders who want clarity, validation, and a realistic roadmap for scaling AI across the industrial value chain.

A Turning Point for Industrial Operations

AI is changing the fundamentals of how materials move, how assets perform, how demand is met, and how decisions get made. The organizations that learn to use this intelligence well will operate with more resilience, more predictability, and less friction.

The ARC Industry Leadership Forum is the best place to understand what this looks like in practice and how to prepare your organization for it.

Join Us in Orlando

If your role touches operations, supply chain, engineering, logistics, maintenance, or industrial strategy, this gathering will be well worth your time.

Reserve your seat:
https://www.arcweb.com/events/arc-industry-leadership-forum-orlando

We hope to see you there.

The post How AI Is Driving the Future of Industrial Operations and the Supply Chain appeared first on Logistics Viewpoints.

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